It’s Time to Break up with Peat

Used as a commercial potting soil since the 1940s, peat is one of the gardeners’ most beloved potting mediums, but is it time to break up with this old standby? Let’s explore peat, its dangers, and some sustainable alternatives. Peat is a type of soil composed primarily of partially decayed organic matter, typically plant material. Found in peatlands, bogs, and swamps, it has been used for centuries as a fuel source and soil amendment. However, the extraction and use of peat pose significant environmental dangers.

The Environmental Value of Peatlands

Photo by Seth Cottle https://unsplash.com/photos/person-holding-black-soil-lyMZdag-zgQ

Peatlands, among Earth’s most efficient carbon sinks, store vast amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). However, when peat is extracted, this stored carbon is released into the atmosphere as CO2, contributing significantly to global warming. This carbon release from peatlands is particularly alarming given the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change.  In addition to being efficient CO2 stores, peatlands are unique ecosystems that host a huge and diverse range of flora and fauna. Many of these are endemic to peatlands. The destruction of peatlands due to extraction damages and sometimes destroys these habitats, putting those species at risk of extinction. The loss of this biodiversity is a significant consequence of peat extraction.

Peatlands play a crucial role in water regulation and soil erosion prevention. They act as natural water filters and help maintain the water table by absorbing and slowly releasing water. The destruction of peatlands disrupts this natural balance, leading to increased flooding in some areas and droughts in others. Removing peat can also lead to soil erosion. Peat provides structure to soil and aids in the growth of a protective vegetative cover that, when removed, exposes the soil to wind and rain, making it susceptible to erosion. Preserving these ecosystems is crucial for maintaining a healthy environment.

Alternatives to Peat

Given the significant environmental impact of peat moss extraction, it’s crucial to find sustainable alternatives that can perform the same functions without harming the environment. Depending on how and why you use peat, here are some sustainable alternatives to consider.

Compost

For soil texture and fertility, compost is often considered the best soil amendment for planting beds.  It also jump starts the growth of mycorrhizal fungi.  When starting seeds, compost, made from decomposed organic matter such as kitchen scraps, yard waste, and manure, is a nutrient-rich substitute for peat. It provides essential nutrients for seedlings and helps retain moisture. Composting also reduces waste sent to landfills and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. When used as a seed starting mix, compost promotes healthy root development and vigorous plant growth. Remember that homemade compost needs to be first baked to kill any seeds, insect eggs, and the like.

Coir

If soil conditioning and water retention are necessary, coir, derived from the husks of coconuts, is an excellent alternative to peat moss. It has similar water retention properties, helping to maintain soil moisture levels. Additionally, coir is a renewable resource, as coconuts are harvested multiple times a year. Coir also improves soil structure and provides good aeration for plant roots, making it an ideal substitute for peat moss.  On the downside, coir is processed outside of the US, presenting some biosecurity risks.

Wood Fiber

For plants that thrive in acidic soil conditions, such as blueberries and azaleas, pine bark is a suitable alternative to peat moss. Pine bark mulch naturally lowers soil pH and improves soil aeration and drainage. It is a byproduct of the lumber industry, making it a sustainable and readily available option. Using pine bark helps create the acidic environment these plants need without the environmental cost of peat moss extraction.

Perlite

When aeration is needed, perlite can be swapped in for peat moss. Perlite is a volcanic glass that, when heated, expands into lightweight, porous particles. It is an excellent soil amendment for improving aeration and drainage. Perlite is commonly used in potting mixes to prevent soil compaction and ensure that plant roots receive adequate oxygen. Unlike peat moss, perlite is a mineral resource that does not decompose, providing long-term benefits for soil structure.

The dangers of peat extraction are clear, with significant impacts on carbon emissions, biodiversity, water regulation, and soil health. However, sustainable alternatives such as coir, compost, wood fiber, and perlite offer viable solutions. The shift away from peat is an environmental necessity and an opportunity to innovate and create a more sustainable future for all.